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- ESSAY, Page 70Are Quotas Really The Problem?
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- By Ellis Cose
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- In the rhetorical quagmire of the racial-quota debate, it's
- easy to lose sight of the fact that virtually all Americans
- abhor brazen racial favoritism. Blacks, whites, Democrats and
- Republicans alike passionately believe in the meritocracy, but
- radically disagree on whether we are becoming one.
-
- Most nonwhite Americans know, deep in their bones, that
- the deck is unfairly stacked against them, while most whites
- know, with absolute certainty, that such is profoundly untrue,
- or at least that whatever discrimination exists is, for the
- most part, justified. That difference in perspective will
- endure long after the House-passed civil rights legislation is
- killed, compromised or enacted into law, for the fundamental
- discord is not over quotas but over the aptitude of those
- classed as racial minorities. Non-"Anglos" may not typically be
- tapped to run FORTUNE 500 companies or manage professional
- sports teams, but the reason -- many whites quietly believe --
- has less to do with racial bias than with the failure of such
- groups to measure up. Those sentiments are, of course, rarely
- voiced in polite society. When they are (as by the likes of
- former Los Angeles Dodgers vice president Al Campanis, who
- observed that blacks lack "necessities"), condemnation is quick
- and merciless. Americans, after all, draw little pleasure from
- hurting people's feelings, especially those of the self-declared
- downtrodden. Such solicitude, however, does not translate into
- acceptance of affirmative action, which is widely perceived as
- little more than the elevation of incompetents beyond their
- ability.
-
- Of course, everyone knows that occasional preferential
- treatment is inescapable; but when the beneficiary is a white
- male, we have a way of assuming that the basic ability exists,
- that in time the ambitious go-getter will grow into his unearned
- station. Even when qualifications are so slight (witness Dan
- Quayle) as to make a presumption of merit difficult, we tend to
- see the incident as an aberration in a system that by and large
- works the way it should.
-
- Favoritism toward minorities is viewed differently,
- because they themselves are viewed differently. A nationwide
- survey last year by the University of Chicago's National Opinion
- Research Center found three-fourths of white respondents
- agreeing that blacks were more likely than whites to prefer
- welfare to employment. Blacks were also thought likely to be
- lazy, violent and unintelligent. Hispanics were viewed in an
- equally negative light, and Asian Americans were seen as not
- much better. Obviously, if minority citizens are fundamentally
- flawed it is better to discriminate against them than against
- whites. Even if in the process a few deserving minorities are
- pushed aside, the meritocracy's essential integrity is
- maintained. To countless whites, such a rationalization of
- racial bias is morally defensible -- while naked racism is not.
-
- Only such an attitude could explain why so many
- acknowledge the existence of discrimination against minorities
- but oppose doing anything about it; or whites' stubborn
- insistence, in the face of overwhelming evidence to the
- contrary, that discrimination is not a problem. The majority of
- whites responding to a Washington Post/ABC News poll, for
- instance, denied that minority applicants encountered
- discrimination in hiring, even though they conceded that
- minority workers were less likely than whites to advance into
- management. Even among the large number -- 44% -- who
- acknowledged discrimination, support for programs to end it was
- virtually nonexistent. In contrast, nearly 90% of blacks thought
- discrimination existed, and roughly two-thirds supported
- programs to ameliorate it.
-
- To describe the difference in views as a disagreement over
- quotas is to deny the obvious impact of racial bias on American
- thought. White complacency about discrimination is not derived
- from mere opposition to preference programs. It is an example
- of how stereotypes, as they interact with a belief in the
- meritocracy, add up to a firm conviction that members of racial
- minorities deserve no better than they get.
-
- Many Hispanics and blacks do poorly on certain tests, and
- this provides plausibly objective support for such ideas. Yet
- even before ability tests existed, society assumed that whites
- were an intellectually and morally superior race. Such a
- presumption is, in effect, a white American's birthright.
- Minorities face a society convinced that they are less fit,
- unless proved otherwise. As a result, even for the most talented
- nonwhites, the standard for advancement and access is different
- from that for whites -- so-called quota programs
- notwithstanding. If management is predisposed to doubt the
- qualifications of minority applicants, ways will be found to
- neutralize such programs even as bosses offer (largely
- unconscious) advantages to whites.
-
- In defense of affirmative action, Supreme Court Justice
- Harry Blackmun wrote in 1978: "In order to get beyond racism,
- we must first take account of race . . . And in order to treat
- some persons equally, we must treat them differently." In the
- current racial climate, one can only conclude that taking
- account of race, even in a supposedly ameliorative way, does not
- guarantee the ability to get beyond race. The only question is
- how we choose to deal with it. Do we do so by applying outwardly
- unbiased policies that ultimately rely on the judgment and
- goodwill of those who assume minorities lack "necessities," or
- by following a racially conscious course that, in trying to set
- things right, stirs up massive resentment and animosity?
-
- We seem fated to continue doing both at once. Given that,
- political leaders have the option either of exploiting racial
- tensions by ranting about quotas or of trying to help all
- Americans understand that a true meritocracy is impossible as
- long as we cling to racial stereotypes. It may be comforting to
- pretend that quotas lie at the root of America's racial
- problems. Yet deep down we probably all know that if the truth
- were so simple, quotas would not even be an issue.
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